CNC turning involves rotating the workpiece while a cutting tool shapes it, typically producing cylindrical parts. In contrast, CNC milling uses a stationary workpiece with a rotating cutting tool to remove material, allowing for more complex shapes and surfaces. While turning is ideal for symmetrical components like shafts, milling excels in creating intricate geometries such as slots, pockets, and holes.

A 3-axis CNC machine operates by moving the cutting tool or workpiece along three linear axes: X, Y, and Z. This allows for machining operations in a flat plane, with the Z-axis providing depth for cutting or drilling. While 3-axis CNC machines are effective for creating basic parts, they are limited when it comes to machining complex geometries that require rotation or angled cuts.

A 4-axis CNC machine adds a fourth rotational axis, typically around the X or Y axis, allowing the workpiece or tool to rotate in addition to linear movement along the X, Y, and Z axes. This extra axis enables more complex machining operations, such as creating angled cuts or intricate details on different sides of the part without needing to reposition it manually. The 4-axis setup is ideal for producing more complex geometries, such as those needed for curved or multi-sided components.

A 5-axis CNC machine offers simultaneous movement along five axes: the three linear axes (X, Y, and Z) plus two additional rotational axes, often around the X and Y axes. This allows for precise machining of complex parts with intricate geometries, enabling cutting at various angles without the need for repositioning the workpiece. The 5-axis machine is highly efficient for producing parts with complex contours, such as aerospace components, molds, and medical devices, significantly reducing production time and enhancing accuracy.